How do you design a custom exception hierarchy and error model for a large codebase?

public class DomainException extends RuntimeException {
    private final ErrorCode code;          // enum: stable, documented
    private final Map<String, Object> context;
    private final boolean retryable;

    protected DomainException(ErrorCode code, String msg, Throwable cause,
                              boolean retryable, Map<String, Object> ctx) {
        super(msg, cause);
        this.code = code; this.retryable = retryable;
        this.context = Map.copyOf(ctx);
    }
}

public final class InsufficientStockException extends DomainException {
    public InsufficientStockException(SkuId sku, int requested, int available) {
        super(ErrorCode.STOCK_INSUFFICIENT,
              "Requested %d of %s, only %d available".formatted(requested, sku, available),
              null, false,
              Map.of("sku", sku.value(), "requested", requested, "available", available));
    }
}